The birth of a child is viewed as a joyful moment as the family celebrates the arrival of a new member. Yet, for some mothers, this joyful time is also a time of emotional struggle. Postpartum depression (PPD) is a complex and often misunderstood condition that reportedly affects one in seven mothers, yet it remains a target of stigma and confusion. We will take a look at what constitutes postpartum depression, potential treatment options, and what you can do if you or a loved one is suffering from this debilitating mental health condition.

What is Postpartum Depression?

Postpartum depression is a type of depression that occurs after childbirth. While it is normal for new mothers to experience temporary mood swings and feelings of sadness—often referred to as the “baby blues”—PPD is more severe and longer-lasting. The baby blues typically fade within a couple of weeks, but postpartum depression can persist for months or even longer if left untreated. It is considered a type of Major Depressive Disorder that can begin during the pregnancy months (perinatal depression) or during the first weeks after childbirth.

Women with postpartum depression may experience intense feelings of sadness, anxiety, and exhaustion that interfere with their ability to care for themselves and their baby. Symptoms can vary widely but often include feelings of worthlessness or guilt, loss of interest in activities once enjoyed, difficulty bonding with the baby, changes in sleep patterns and appetite, and thoughts of harming oneself or the baby. These symptoms are more intense and persistent than those experienced during the baby blues, indicating a more serious condition that requires attention and care.

What Causes Postpartum Depression?

Like other depressive disorders, the exact cause of postpartum depression is not fully understood. However, it is believed to result from a combination of physical, emotional, and environmental factors. One significant factor is the dramatic hormonal changes that occur after childbirth.

During pregnancy, levels of hormones such as estrogen and progesterone are elevated. After delivery, these hormone levels drop sharply, which can trigger mood changes. Additionally, thyroid hormone levels may drop, leading to fatigue and depression. These hormonal fluctuations are a natural part of the postpartum period, but for some women, they can contribute to the development of postpartum depression.

Emotional factors also play a crucial role. The arrival of a new baby brings a host of emotional challenges, from anxiety about parenting to feelings of loss concerning one’s pre-baby identity and lifestyle. Many new mothers feel overwhelmed by the responsibility of caring for a newborn, especially if they lack a strong support system or are dealing with other stressors, such as financial strain or relationship issues. The transition to motherhood can be daunting, and the pressure to meet perceived societal expectations of perfect parenting can exacerbate feelings of inadequacy and anxiety.

There are also risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing postpartum depression. These include a personal or family history of depression or other mental health conditions, experiencing depression or anxiety during pregnancy, having a difficult pregnancy or stressful labor and delivery experience, and lacking emotional support from a partner, family, or friends.

Additionally, factors such as unplanned pregnancies, younger age, lower socioeconomic status, and experiencing stressful life events may further elevate the risk. This condition can not only affect the mother’s well-being but can also negatively impact the baby. Studies point to a connection between mothers with untreated PDD and infants demonstrating stress, poor self-regulation, sleep problems, and excessive crying or colic. Recognizing the symptoms of postpartum depression is crucial for seeking timely help.

What Are Some of the Symptoms of Postpartum Depression?

While the severity and combination of symptoms can vary, some common signs include persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or emptiness. These feelings can be overwhelming and interfere with daily functioning, making it difficult to enjoy life or care for the baby.

Mood Swings

Severe mood swings and irritability are also common. A mother may feel fine one moment and then suddenly overwhelmed by anger or frustration. These mood swings can strain relationships with partners, family, and friends, adding to the mother’s sense of isolation. Another common symptom is excessive crying, often without a clear reason. While it is normal to feel emotional after childbirth, frequent and unexplained crying spells may indicate a deeper issue.

Isolation

Withdrawal from family and friends is another symptom. A mother with postpartum depression may isolate herself, avoiding social interactions and activities she once enjoyed. Likewise, loss of interest in activities that were once pleasurable is a hallmark of depression, as a new mother may find that hobbies, social activities, and even time with her baby no longer bring joy.

Struggling to Bond with Baby

Difficulty bonding with the baby or feeling indifferent can be particularly distressing for new mothers and their babies. These feelings can lead to guilt and shame, making it even harder to seek help. Overwhelming fatigue or loss of energy is common, often making it challenging to complete daily tasks. This fatigue can be compounded by insomnia or excessive sleeping, both of which disrupt the mother’s ability to rest and recover.

Appetite Changes

Changes in appetite, such as eating too much or too little, can also occur. Intense feelings of worthlessness, guilt, or inadequacy can dominate a mother’s thoughts. She may feel like she is failing as a mother or that she is not good enough for her baby.

Cognitive Impairment

Cognitive impairment can also happen and manifest as difficulty concentrating or making decisions, affecting the mother’s ability to care for herself and her baby. Severe anxiety or panic attacks can also be part of postpartum depression. These episodes can be frightening and may lead the mother to avoid certain situations or activities. In more severe cases of PDD, thoughts of self-harm or harming the baby may be present and are serious symptoms that require immediate attention.

Can Postpartum Depression Be Treated?

Each woman’s experience with postpartum depression is unique, so treatment plans are typically tailored to individual needs. Treating postpartum depression often involves medical, psychological, and lifestyle interventions.

Medication Management

For some women, medication is a necessary part of treatment. Antidepressants, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are commonly prescribed to help balance the brain chemicals that affect mood. These medications can be effective, but it is important to talk to a healthcare provider about potential side effects and any concerns about breastfeeding while taking these medications. Some antidepressants are considered safer for breastfeeding mothers, and a healthcare provider can help determine the best option.

Hormone Therapy

Hormone therapy is another option for some women. Since the drastic drop in estrogen levels after childbirth can contribute to postpartum depression, estrogen replacement therapy may help stabilize mood. However, hormone therapy carries its own risks and should be considered carefully under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Psychological Therapy Options

Psychological therapies, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT), have proven to be somewhat effective in treating postpartum depression. CBT helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors, while IPT focuses on improving interpersonal relationships and addressing social stressors. Both therapies provide valuable tools for managing symptoms and improving emotional well-being.

Support groups and counseling can also offer significant benefits. Talking to other mothers who are going through similar experiences can provide comfort, reduce feelings of isolation, and offer practical advice. Counseling sessions with a mental health professional can help new mothers process their emotions and develop coping strategies. Group therapy can also create a sense of community and shared understanding, which can be very comforting.

Lifestyle Changes

Certain lifestyle changes can support recovery from postpartum depression in addition to medical and psychological treatments. Establishing a routine that includes regular exercise, a balanced diet, and adequate sleep can have a positive impact on mood and energy levels. While many new mothers struggle with these, even small steps such as using a stroller and going for a walk with their baby and stocking the pantry with healthy foods and snacks can make a big difference.

Reducing stress is another key aspect that can help manage postpartum depression. This might involve delegating household responsibilities, setting realistic expectations for oneself, and making time for relaxation and self-care. Simple practices like mindfulness meditation, deep breathing exercises, and yoga can help reduce stress and promote emotional well-being, even if only practiced for a few minutes at a time throughout the day.

Social Support

Social support is also vital. Reaching out to family, friends, or community resources can provide practical help and emotional support. Many communities offer resources such as parenting classes, support groups, and home visitation programs that can assist new mothers in adjusting to their new role.

Prioritizing Self-Care

Self-care is often overlooked but is essential for recovery. Whether it’s reading a book, taking a bath, or enjoying a hobby, self-care should be a priority. Engaging in activities that bring joy and relaxation can help mothers restore a sense of normalcy and well-being.

How Can You Help a Loved One with Postpartum Depression?

The support of partners, family, and friends is critical in the journey to recovery from postpartum depression. Loved ones can help by providing practical assistance with baby care and household tasks, offering emotional support, and encouraging the new mother to seek professional help if needed.

Educate Yourself

It’s important for partners and family members to educate themselves about postpartum depression so they can recognize the signs and understand what the mother is going through. Empathy and support can go a long way in helping her feel understood and less alone. Partners can help by sharing childcare responsibilities, being patient and understanding, and reassuring the mother that she is not alone in her struggles. Open communication and a strong partnership can make a significant difference in alleviating the stress and isolation that often accompany postpartum depression.

Offer Help

Offering to help with practical tasks, such as cooking, cleaning, and caring for the baby, can relieve some of the mother’s burden and allow her to focus on her recovery. Sometimes, just being there to listen and provide support can make a significant difference. Family and friends should also encourage the mother to seek professional help if needed. Gently suggesting that she talk to a healthcare provider or therapist can be a crucial step in getting the support she needs.

Encourage Her to Seek Help

Despite its prevalence, postpartum depression is often stigmatized, leading many women to suffer in silence. Societal expectations and myths about motherhood can create unrealistic pressures, making it difficult for mothers to admit they are struggling. It is important to recognize that postpartum depression is a medical condition, not a personal failure. New mothers should be encouraged to speak openly about their feelings and seek help without fear of judgment.

Seek Help for Postpartum Depression at Plus by APN

Plus by APN offers a variety of cutting-edge, personalized solutions and treatments for a variety of depressive syndromes, including postpartum and perinatal depression. Our team of skilled mental health practitioners works with every patient using an integrative, modern approach to treat the whole person and not just the symptoms. If you or a loved one is struggling with PDD or any form of depression, consider reaching out to Plus by APN for a free consultation. Contact us at 424.644.6486 or complete our online contact form to learn more. Remember, seeking help is a sign of strength, not weakness. With the right support, recovery is possible for you.

References

  • Mughal S, Azhar Y, Siddiqui W. Postpartum Depression. [Updated 2022 Oct 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/
  • Orhon FS, Ulukol B, Soykan A. Postpartum mood disorders and maternal perceptions of infant patterns in well-child follow-up visits. Acta Paediatr. 2007 Dec;96(12):1777-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00557.x. PMID: 18001335.
  • Pearlstein, Teri et al. “Postpartum depression.” American journal of obstetrics and gynecology vol. 200,4 (2009): 357-64. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033
  • Stamou, George, et al. “Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy and Interpersonal Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Post-natal Depression: A Narrative Review.” BMC Psychology, vol. 6, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-018-0240-5. Accessed 21 Jul. 2024.